But Lefebvre refused to comply, leading the Vatican to suspend his right to perform priestly functions (a step short of excommunication) in 1976. As a result, Pope Paul VI ordered the archbishop to shut down his Swiss seminary. In 1974, Lefebvre publicly denounced as heretical the Vatican II reforms and the subsequent adoption of the new Mass, celebrated in local languages instead of traditional Latin. In 1970, he founded SSPX as a seminary in Ecône, Switzerland. But the archbishop refused to sign the council's final reports on religious liberty and the modern church, the first sign of a rebellion that would only grow in later years. Lefebvre later was on an advisory committee to the Second Vatican Council (1962-65), which enacted several liberalizing and modernizing reforms within the church. It was the invasion of the barbarians without faith or law!" He lamented the eventual liberation of the country, describing it as "the victory of Freemasonry against the Catholic order of Petain. During World War II, he supported the pro-Nazi Vichy regime, a puppet government in the part of France not occupied by the Germans.
Although there have been recent attempts by the Vatican to pull SSPX back into the Catholic mainstream, the organization, all of whose priests were excommunicated in the late 1980s, has continued to publish anti-Semitic materials, flirt with Holocaust denial and reject any reconciliation with the Catholic Church. Pius X (SSPX), founded by the late French archbishop, Marcel-François Lefebvre, in 1970. The powerhouse organization of the radical traditionalist Catholic world is a sprawling international order called the Society of St.
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